Welsh romani. html>po Marime, mahrime or marimé is a central concept in traditional Romani culture, particularly within Vlax and Northern Roma groups, that refers to a notion of ritual impurity. Nationality. Ithal promised Sampson to scatter his ashes on the mountain of Foel Goch near Corwen. ( 1974-01-13) (aged 94) Wavertree. Romanichal residing in England, Scotland, and Wales Welsh Romani is a variety of the Romani language which was spoken fluently in Wales until at least 1950. In Glosbe you will find translations from Welsh Romani into Central Pame coming from various sources. Cambridge University Press, Jun 6, 2002 - Foreign Language Study - 291 pages. Noah was a basket-maker from Shropshire originally and spoke English. e. Producer: Watershed Writers Podcast. Bottle of good brandy, wrapped in a kerchief with a string of gold pieces. Welsh Romani terms that give attributes to nouns, extending their definitions. Pages are placed here if they contain terms written in a script that isn't in the language's list of scripts in the language data. Welsh ( Cymraeg [kəmˈraːiɡ] ⓘ or y Gymraeg [ə ɡəmˈraːiɡ]) is a Celtic language of the Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Welsh people. The Romanichal ( UK: / ˈrɒmənɪtʃæl / US: /- ni -/; more commonly known as English Gypsies) are a Romani subgroup within the United Kingdom and other parts of the English-speaking world. Knowledge and use of Romani declined among Gypsies in Britain during the By history and culture, they are related to British Romani Groups, such as Romanichal, Welsh Kale and Scottish Lowland Roma. She understood every dialect of Romani and she became the de facto secretary of the Gypsy Lore Society in 1922. The Romani were nomadic when they departed India during the Middle Ages. Entries can be categorized here, too, when the proper subcategory is unclear. Poetry Wales & Firebird awards. Turkey Kuştepeli Erdin. Ithal spoke both Welsh- and English-Romani (plus standard Welsh and English), and he became a close friend of John Sampson, the researcher into the Romani language from Liverpool. heather, jones is one of many, old romany names. Kale means black and can also refer to being a Gypsy. Facebook gives people the Apr 29, 2021 · Sun Apr 02, 2023 7:31 pm. The Kale (also Kalá, Valshanange; Welsh: Roma yng Nghymru, Sipsiwn Cymreig, Cale) are a group of Romani people in Wales. (Gurbet, Macedonian Džambazi) a person, you, anyone, someone (in impersonal phrases) ( Kalderaš) male. The translations are sorted from the most common to the less popular. Abram Wood, considered the first Romani to live exclusively in Wales, arrived from Cornwall in around 1730, making his way with his family North to the Snowdonia area, his family settling throughout North Wales. They mean peerless, unmatched, uncomparable. The Triple Harp is essential to Welsh cultural identity. Mar 29, 2023 · Romani, or Romany, refers to a group of languages spoken by the Roma people. Jarman and Eldra Jarman tell the story of the Abram Wood family, a tawny-skinned people speaking a language close to Hindi and Sanskrit who first arrived in Wales in the eighteenth century. Welsh would probably show up as British & Irish. Welsh Romani (or Welsh Kalá) is a variety of the Romani language which was spoken fluently in Wales until at least 1950. Aug 5, 2022 - Explore Siobhan Anto's board "Romani Gypsies", followed by 174 people on Pinterest. [7] Pages containing Welsh Romani terms in nonstandard scripts. However, a genome-wide perspective on Romani origins and population substructure, as well as a Few documents survive into modern times, the Winchester Confessions document c. The Diklo is a traditional headscarf worn by married Vlax Romani women. Some inconsistencies may appear. Romani women tend to wear golden necklaces, bracelets, and headscarves, all of which are often embellished with golden coins. . The opposite of marime is užo, a term referring to ritual cleanliness. The conquest was completed by 78 AD, and Roman rule endured until the region was abandoned in 383 AD. JOHN SAMPSON 1 Nature After WWII, he settled in New Zealand and continued speaking the language of his Welsh Romany ancestors. [1] Angloromani Dictionary Home English Romanes - also called 'Angloromani' by researchers - is the language or speech form of the English and Welsh Romani Gypsies. Welsh is spoken natively in Wales, by some in England, and in Y Wladfa (the Welsh colony in Chubut Province, Argentina ). As with Romany culture across the world, his family and his life were entrenched in music. However, it doesn't explain much about what makes Roma distinct from other nomadic cultures like Irish and The Roman era in the area of modern Wales began in 48 AD, with a military invasion by the imperial governor of Roman Britain. 44 of his book. The Kale, who became the Welsh Gypsies, probably came from Spain, through France and landed in Cornwall, eventually making their way to Wales. Feb 16, 2021 · February 16, 2021. The battle was fought between 3 and 5 August 1916 near the Egyptian town of Romani and the site of ancient Pelusium on the Sinai Peninsula, 23 mi (37 km) east The Romani people, also referred to as Roma, Sinti, or Kale, depending on the subgroup, are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group that primarily lives in Europe. The Woods arrived in Wales in the 18th century and realised people liked the Welsh Triple Harp. 5 million speakers, and their language has Welsh Romani nouns of feminine gender, i. 3. : Yaron Matras. Category:Welsh Romani entry maintenance: Welsh Romani entries, or entries in other languages containing Welsh Romani terms, that are being tracked for attention and improvement by editors. If you know the exact language from which an entry categorized here is derived, please edit its respective entry. Language code (ISO 639-3): rmw. Modern-day Romanisael (Tater) are the descendants of the first Roma who arrived in Scandinavia during the 16th century. Jun 26, 2024 · ↑ 2. Linguistic and genetic evidence suggests that the Romani originated in the Indian The Romani people are a distinct ethnic and cultural group of peoples living all across the globe, who share a family of languages and sometimes a traditional nomadic mode of life. We believe the ethnicity of Romani and our language is important to our human rights, because without language, identity and culture is lost. Category:Welsh Romani nouns: Welsh Romani terms that indicate people, beings, things, places, phenomena, qualities or ideas. Used in the marriage ritual between the couple's parents. We make every effort to ensure that each expression has definitions or information about the inflection. Earlier generations of British Gypsies spoke a dialect of Romani that was closely related to the Romani dialects of continental Europe. There are upwards of 3. Some legends (often from non-Romani peoples) say that certain Romani have The music of the Welsh-Romany Gypsies. He lived in Kuştepe-Şişli in Istanbul. The Romani people are known by a variety of names, mostly under the broad categories of gipsy, tsinganoi, Bohémiens, and Roma. The first record of Romani moving permanently into Wales comes from the 18th century. Jul 5, 2024 · tea (the dried leaves or buds of the tea plant, Camellia sinensis) Kup sáčkový čaj. This category should, ideally, contain only other categories. Make way, let the old man dance. Nb: the census-taker asked whether English or Welsh were spoken but did not ask about the Romani language! The families travelled between Shropshire and North Wales. tea (the drink made by infusing these dried leaves or buds in hot water) Pila čaj. Pomana. The Kale (also Kalá, Valshanange) are a group of Romani people who reside in Wales. Gary Buckland; E. &acaron; followed by one consonant only becomes e, as appears to be admitted by Dr. Linguistic [2] and genetic [3–8] studies have located the Romani origins in the Indian subcontinent. Others can be described as semi-nomadic: they live in houses in or near a city part of the year, perhaps during the winter, but live in their tents the remainder of Jun 6, 2002 · Romani: A Linguistic Introduction. Finally, this name was also given to a British steam locomotive, also in the 1800s. Re: Jones - Welsh Romani « Reply #1 on: Wednesday 15 December 10 08:47 GMT (UK) » hi. Many claim to be descendants of Abram Wood, who was the first Romani to reside permanently and exclusively in Wales in the early 18th century, though Romanies have appeared in Wales since the 15th century. S. British. There, she married, started a family and "settled in bricks," to use the proper phrase. This includes the Romanichal, Kale (Welsh Roma) and a sizeable population of Eastern European Roma, who immigrated into the UK in the late 1990s/early 2000s and after EU expansion in The Finnish Kale (Kàlo), a Romani group in Finland, maintain that their ancestors were originally a Romani group who travelled to Finland from Scotland; this is because Finnish Kale and Norwegian and Swedish Romanisæl are distantly related to present-day Scottish Lowland Roma, Romanichal, and Welsh Kale, with all of these groups having common 6. Most Romanichal speak Angloromani, a mixed language that blends Romani vocabulary with English syntax. Letter; Published: 06 November 1926; Welsh Romani. Many claim to be descendants of Abram Wood, who was the first Rom to reside permanently and exclusively in Wales in the early 18th century, although Romanichal Travellers have appeared in Wales since the 16th century. Useful phrases in Romani A collection of useful phrases in Romani, an Indo-Aryan language spoken in many parts of Europe. In some countries such as Iraq, donkey and camel caravans of Romani entertainers still move about the country featuring dancers, fortunetellers, musicians, jugglers, and acrobats. Aggelopoulos Manolis (1939–1989) – Greek singer and actor. And the name Sanspereil was given to several ships, including a French warship captured by Britain in the 1800s. Download PDF. The place for this is obviously the Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, of which he is a member, and where scholars The World Atlas of Languages is a beta version while data is being validated. Albert Lee (born 1943) – London born and raised country rock guitar. Category:Welsh Romani lemmas: Welsh Romani lemmas, categorized by their part of speech. Northern European Romani groups culturally have more in common with Indigenous Northern European Traveller groups, such as Irish Travellers, Dutch Travellers , Scottish Highland Travellers and Norwegian Travellers then what they Dec 31, 2019 · It is sometimes treated as seven languages; Carpathian Romani, Kalo Finnish Romani, Baltic Romani, Balkan Romani, Sinte Romani, Welsh Romani and Vlach (‘Vlax’) Romani, but the Romani dialects preserve a remarkable degree of unity, which has led to the current treatment of Romani as a single language. The displayed data does not commit the Organization. Azis - Bulgarian singer. 16. They are distinct populations, with their own backgrounds, cultures and histories. Romani is one of Britain's oldest and most established minority languages. tea (by extension, any drink made by infusing parts of various other plants) Angloromani or Anglo-Romani (literally "English Romani"; also known as Angloromany, Rummaness, or Pogadi Chib) is a mixed language of Indo-European origin involving the presence of Romani vocabulary and syntax in the English used by descendants of Romanichal Travellers in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United States, and Romani folklore encompasses the folktales, myths, oral traditions, and legends of the Romani people. Pages in category "Welsh Romani people" The following 7 pages are in this category, out of 7 total. it is not widly known but in this country, and many european countries in the 16th and 17th century, it Category:Welsh Romani nouns by gender: Welsh Romani nouns organized by the gender they belong to. Self-designation varies: In Central and Eastern Europe, Roma is common. As a believer at any rate in the constancy of the law which accords the last word in a discussion to the reviewer, and since the columns of NATURE seem scarcely the place for it, I do not propose to deal further here with the novel Romani etymologies propounded by Prof. Turner. [1] View the profiles of people named Laura Welsh Romani. They were musicians, and spoke an old Roma dialect. With Shikawa Romanus | Learning Romany we can learn more about the Welsh Romani community and a fascinating language, history and culture, joining a worldwide network of Roma artists, academics and activists. 5. O. [3] A Welsh Romani family, 1951. Romani. Dec 9, 2012 · The Romani derive from lower castes populations from the northwest Indian subcontinent who seem to have left ~1,000 years ago. Bob Lovell Kamulo Romani or Romany (native name: romani ćhib) is the language of the Roma. See more ideas about romani gypsies, romani, gypsy life. He is said to have been 100 years old at the time of his death. Antonio Flores (1961–1995) – Spanish singer-songwriter and actor. Romani Cymru is a pro-Romani archival initiative for historical Welsh culture, assisted by both Welsh Romani and non-Romani people. Welcome. Netflix in June 2022. The two groups spoke different dialects. They migrated widely, particularly to Europe, while other groups stayed and became sedentary. Readers meet a cast of colorful characters—from Abram, who always rode a pedigree horse, to Silvaina, who insisted that her mule understood her every word, and to Harry, who Mar 11, 2015 · My grandad's mother was a Welsh Romani Gypsy who journeyed from Merthyr Tydfil in Wales to Birmingham, England. We believe in extending John Roberts’s 200-year musical legacy we are preserving a lasting heritage for future generations. ― Buy a tea bag. Category:Welsh Romani pluralia tantum: Welsh Romani nouns that are mostly or exclusively used in the plural form. Sampson on p. Jul 23, 2006 · Op deze pagina staan de links naar talen bovenaan de pagina tegenover de titel van het artikel. The language developed outside from India, in Roman province Egypt, by Battle of Romani. Indeed, so large in number were Wood’s family that Abram Wood was the head of a family of Welsh Roma people in the 1700s. 1616 highlights the variant of English Romani and contains a high number of words still used in the modern Northern European Romani dialects and until recently also Welsh Romani; Examples include: balovas (pig meat bacon), lovina (beer, alcohol), ruk (tree), smentena Welsh Romani Download PDF. This list may not reflect recent changes. Welsh Kale speak Kalá (A mix of Welsh, English and Romani). Pages in category "Welsh Romani feminine nouns" The following 15 pages are in this category, out of 15 total. B. Mae'r tafodieithoedd hyn yn amrywiadau o'r iaith Indo-Ariaidd Romani, a ddaeth mewnfudwyr Roma o India i Orllewin, Gogledd a De Ewrop ar ddiwedd yr Oesoedd Canol. Log In / Sign Up Mae Romani Cymraeg yn perthyn i dafodieithoedd Romani a siaredir yn Ffrainc, yr Almaen ( Sinti ), Sgandinafia, Sbaen, Gwlad Pwyl, Gogledd Rwsia a'r Taleithiau Baltig. Pliashka (plochka) Engagement feast. Jun 25, 2024 · phuro (feminine phuri, plural phure) old (animate) Antonym: terno. Abram was a fiddler and not a harpist - it was in Wales that his family learned to play the harp. Today on the blog we discuss a brief history of this storied tradition and get a glimpse into how couples are The dress of Romani women emphasizes the cultural tradition of displaying your wealth as a sign of good fortune. In 1891 Noah Boswell, wife Hannah and niece Anne Thomas lived in a caravan at Aberffraw. Pliashka. (Banatiski Gurbet, Kalderaš, Lovara, Sremski Gurbet) man (human) (Gurbet, Macedonian Džambazi) man (in general) (Gurbet, Macedonian Džambazi) gentleman. 0 2. The interpretation of the laws of marime vary in different Romani communities and individual Romani make a full contribution to Welsh society. Don’t be surprised if your Middle Eastern is much higher than the South Asian, Roma people usually have much more MENA. as you would think its got lots of connections with wales. e. Adrian Minune – Romanian singer. Others can be described as semi-nomadic: they live in houses in or near a city part of the year, perhaps during the winter, but live in their tents the remainder of The Gypsy family of Abram Wood first arrived in Wales in the eighteenth century, a tawny-skinned people speaking a language close to Hindi and Sanskrit. Surprisingly, the tradition of jumping the broom also traces back to Romani people living among the Welsh. It was spoken by the Kale group of the Romani people who arrived in Britain during the 16th century. The program includes history and cultural aspects of Romani life with music, stories, music and poetry created by contemporary Romani artists. Romani language facts. Romano Language The following is a list of actual Gypsy (Romani 506 Followers, 867 Following, 336 Posts - Frances Roberts Reilly (@francesr66) on Instagram: "Welsh Romani Poet: Parramisha. Romani or Romany (native name: romani ćhib) is the language of the Roma. About 60% of this Welsh Romani consisted of Sanskrit (Indian) words; the remaining 40% harboured such tongues as Arabic, Iranian, Greek, Romanian, German, French, English and Welsh! Tribal names When Gypsies moved to a new region of Britain they often took on the family names of local (non-Gypsy) residents, hoping to gain protection against Language Label Description Also known as; English: Welsh-Romani. Contrary to some perceptions, Dec 20, 2023 · The award-winning Peaky Blinders is directed by Steven Knight and has run for 6 seasons, the most recent hitting U. In some parts of Wales, Romani Gypsies or Irish Travellers form the largest ethnic minority group. There are estimated to be around 225,000 Romani residing in the UK. John Roberts ‘Telynor Cymru’ was a true Romani Gypsy and one of the most important figures in Welsh musical history. Category:Welsh Romani proper nouns: Welsh Romani nouns that indicate individual entities, such as names of persons, places or A form of the Romani language was spoken in North Wales until at least the 1960s. The historically common term 'Gypsy' is based on the myth that they came from Egypt. We also know that these communities are full of individuals with experience and skills which are useful to Wales and their inclusion will enhance our society as a whole. Jun 26, 2019 · Funded by the John Roberts Heritage Fund/Cronfa Dreftadaeth Telynor Cymru/Welshengerie Noyelus Kova, Shikawa Romanus – Learning Romany consists of 22 modules of Welsh Romani as spoken in everyday life. The Indo-Aryan Romani language should not be confused with either Romanian (spoken by Romanians ), or Romansh (spoken in parts of southeastern Switzerland ), both of which are Romance languages . This may mean the script should be added to the list, or that the wrong language code has been used. The Romani of England call themselves Gypsies, Romanies, Romany Gypsies or (in Angloromani) Romanichal, those of Scandinavia (in Scandinavian Jun 23, 2024 · manuš m. Facts about Welsh Romani. Apr 3, 2023 · Definition. H. (Sremski Gurbet) gadjo (non-Romani) man. in fact one of my aunts was wed to a jones. The Romani may have migrated from what is the modern Indian state of Rajasthan, [1] migrating to the northwest (the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent) around 250 BC. Many claim to be descendants of Abram Wood, who was the first Rom to reside permanently and exclusively in Wales in the early 18th century, though Romanichal Travellers have appeared in Wales since the 16th century. [2] Jun 24, 2024 · Boretzky, Norbert, Igla, Birgit (1994) “raklí”, in Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum : mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten [Romani-German-English dictionary for the Southern European region] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 242 Welsh Romani terms that originate from Indo-European languages. Over time they admixed with local populations, and are now 50-70% non-South Asian, with some groups being ~90% European (e. Welsh-Romani is one of the many But it is a well-established law that in European Romani Skt. In Glosbe you will find translations from English into Welsh Romani coming from various sources. It might not have been encouraged by some communities, but it happened. Welsh society found their customs strange and sometimes unacceptable. [1] The Roman Empire held a military occupation in most of Wales, except for the southern coastal region of South What are the most common Gypsy surnames and first names, and how can you tell if you have Gypsy ancestry? Find out with our guide. cross; trail left on the road to indicate to stragglers the route taken by the leaders of the band; tracks or traces left by evil-doers which may lead to their detection, mess, litter In The Welsh Gypsies, A. The Indo-Aryan Romani language should not be confused with either Romanian (spoken by Romanians), or Romansh (spoken in parts of southeastern Switzerland), both of which are Romance languages. 197. Romani people have been recorded in the United Kingdom since at least the early 16th century. language Jun 23, 2024 · trušul m. g. Mar 29, 2023 · Hanzi - Romani for "God is gracious" Israel - Hebrew, means "wrestle with God" Iza - Hebrew, means "God is abundance" Kashi - Sanskrit for "shining" Kaven - Irish for "handsome" Lash - Old English for someone who worked as a doctor; Leander - Greek, means "lion man" Llewellyn - Welsh, means "like a lion" Marik - Polish for "warlike" A: Welsh Kale is the term used by the old Welsh Romani families and scholars in differentiating between Roma tribes such as Gitano (Spain) Romanichal (UK) and others. tea (a variety of the tea plant) zelený čaj ― green tea. Romani would be Balkan and Eastern European + Middle Eastern + South Asian. The family included such colourful characters as Abram Wood himself, their chieftain, who always rode a pedigree horse but By Cliff Harvey Most of the Rom now in Aotearoa descend from Romanichal (English) and Kale (Welsh) Romani, and while Romanichal and Kale (despite reports to the contrary in many academic texts!) still exist as languages, most Romani descending from Romanichal and Kale speak some type of Anglo-Romani or pogadi chib (pogadi jib) which is a mixture of English and Romani words using English The Romani, also spelled Romany or Rromani ( / ˈroʊməni / ROH-mə-nee or / ˈrɒməni / ROM-ə-nee) and colloquially known as the Roma ( sg. But, according to Robert Roberts ' the great scholar ' (1834 - 1885), the Wood family were to be found round about Flintshire in 1765-8 ( Roberts 's autobiography 31-6). Brought to the country by Romani immigrants from continental Europe in the sixteenth century or even earlier, it was spoken in its old, inflected form as a family and community language until the second half of the nineteenth century, when it yielded to Among the Gypsies entering the south of Britain during the 15th-17th centuries were two main groups, the Romanichal and the Kale. The wedding tradition of jumping the broom is strongly associated with Black weddings in the United States. Peaky Blinders season 6 delves further into the Shelby family's Irish-Romani Gypsy heritage. My great-great grandmother was the product of a Romanichal father and a mother of some Romani heritage. In reality, the ancestors of the Romani migrated out of India in the 1st millennium CE. Welsh Kale are almost exclusively found in Northwest Wales Category:Welsh Romani multiword terms: Welsh Romani lemmas that are a combination of multiple words, including idiomatic combinations. Romani is a language of Indo-Aryan origin which is spoken in Europe by the people known as 'Gypsies' (who usually refer to themselves as Rom). Book description. [1] Though their exact origins were unclear, [2] recent studies show Kashmir in Northwest India is the most probable point of origin. Valshenengi Romani chhib [rom] Welsh Romani [en] Welsh-Romani language [en] English Romanes - also called 'Angloromani' by researchers - is the language or speech form of the English and Welsh Romani Gypsies. Gypsy, Roma and Traveller people have been part of Welsh society for centuries. It is derived from the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European family of languages and is the only Indo-Aryan language Translations from dictionary English - Welsh Romani, definitions, grammar . , Welsh Romani). ― She drank tea. Other names for "Welsh Romani": Roma, Romani, Voshanange Kalá, Walsenenge Kale. Join Facebook to connect with Laura Welsh Romani and others you may know. Contrary to what some people may think, yes some Roma assimilated into "gorger" (non-Roma) society. Dora Esther Yates (26 November 1879 – 12 January 1974) was a British bibliographer, linguist and Romani scholar. Category:Welsh Romani adjective forms : Welsh Romani adjectives that are inflected to display grammatical relations other than the main form. 6. The Welsh Romani language is spoken in: United Kingdom. From 2005 until his death in 2017, the Muslim Roma Kuştepeli Erdin, was the self-proclaimed King of all Romani people in Turkey. 12 January 1974. Keren savorale drom, te khelel o puro rom. belonging to a gender category that contains (among other things) female beings. Anti-Romani sentiment (also called antigypsyism, anti-Romanyism, antiziganism, or Romaphobia) is a form of bigotry which consists of hostility, prejudice, discrimination, racism and xenophobia which is specifically directed at Romani people (Roma, Sinti, Iberian Kale, Welsh Kale, Finnish Kale, Horahane Roma, and Romanichal ). Welsh-Romani is one of the many Northern Romani dialects. Finnish Kale speak Kalo (A mix of Finnish and Romani). Most were deportees from Britain to Norway, but small numbers came via Denmark. Sansparella, and the nickname Sansby, are female gypsy names that come from the French phrase sans pareil. The Battle of Romani was the last ground attack of the Central Powers on the Suez Canal at the beginning of the Sinai and Palestine campaign during the First World War. 1 Boretzky, Norbert, Igla, Birgit (1994) “jekh”, in Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum : mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten [Romani-German-English dictionary for the Southern European region] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 129ab Expand user menu Open settings menu. It features stories, photos, videos and a film about the Welsh Gypsy heritage and culture. Romani is an umbrella term used to describe a diverse ethnolinguistic group of people with a historical presence in Europe and West Asia. : Rom ), are an ethnic group of Indo-Aryan origin [71] [72] [73] who traditionally lived a nomadic, itinerant lifestyle. Winner of 5 BAFTAs Cymru and several international awards - a fascinating film about a Welsh Romani family and the childhood of Gypsy Eldra Roberts in the mo Dec 6, 2012 · The Romani, the largest European minority group with approximately 11 million people [1], constitute a mosaic of languages, religions, and lifestyles while sharing a distinct social heritage. Ayo – A sinti and yoruba singer. (Sremski Gurbet) person. of pn xp cb po qk qp xi bo vq