3 m 29. 05. Pants, Trousers & Jeans Jackets Sweaters Apparel. Apr 17, 2024 · Dutch-Bangla joint venture company to invest US$ 6. Chittagong EPZ. [25] Exports of textiles, clothing, and ready-made garments (RMG) accounted for 77% of Bangladesh's total OPERATION OF EPZS IN BANGLADESH (Bangladesh Bank FE Circular No. The actual date of this Dec 10, 2023 · The minimum wage for workers in the Export Processing Zones (EPZs) of the country has been set between Tk12,800 and Tk14,025, varying depending on the sector. 143 Recruitment Notice for Cumilla EPZ Jun 12, 2024 Labour Issues. In the recently ended fiscal year 2021-22, the authority witnessed a significant rise in all indicators i. Feb 7, 2017 · In Bangladesh, Empowering and Employing Women in the Garments Sector. 25 1. Counsellors monthly compliance report. 7758°E. Women, aged between 18-26 years, at one of the training centres. Kotobuki Bangladesh Ltd. RMGs are the finished textile product from clothing factories and the Bangladeshi RMG Sector is one of the fastest growing sectors in the Bangladeshi economy, with a growth rate of 55% from 2002 to 2012. Gratuity Fund laws in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is one of the fastest growing country in the world, boasting 8. Step 3, Yearly Auditing of Provident Fund in Bangladesh. In the event where an employee is retrenched from service (on the ground of redundancy) by an employer and that employee has worked for the employer for not less than one year (continuously), then the employer may have to pay gratuity. You may be contacted by email for further input if necessary. Chittagong Export Processing Zone (CEPZ), also known as Chittagong EPZ, is the first and one of the eight export processing zones in Bangladesh located at South Halishahar in Chittagong. 06. How many economic zones are there in Bangladesh? Chinese Company to Invest US$ 6 Million in Dhaka EPZ Activity Date: 2021-08-16. Karnaphuli EPZ. 36 million up to March, 2004. However, Joekes (1987) for the. t. In terms of length of epz experience, South Korea is one of the first-generation economies where an epz was introduced in the early 1970s while the first epz in Bangladesh appeared more than a decade later. Legal System and Judicial Independence. Zone area: 356. Driving directions and travel distance calculation for Bangladesh. Portal of Chittagong Export Processing Zone. Rate of Tax Exemption. 22 (Calculation: 500x15/115) Method of calculation by seller- = (1500x15/115) - (1000x15/115) Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA) Prime Minister's Office. 547, where per capital GDP is 2053 US$, population growth rate is 1. Their primary objective is attracting foreign direct investment (FDIs), generating employment, implementing economic reforms, and experimenting with new policies. "We started with a single export processing zone in 1980 and now we have eight EPZs while another three are coming up," he said during a Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority (BEPZA) is an authorized agency and responsible for promoting, attracting, and facilitating foreign investment in Bangladesh. 5 billion in accumulated investments. Some firms to go into production in March 2023. Mar 13, 2023 · Currently there are 452 enterprises from 38 countries operating in eight export processing zones (EPZs) of the country, said Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (Bepza) Executive Chairman Major General Abul Kalam Mohammad Ziaur Rahman on Monday. 9 billion in direct total private investment in economic zones. Uttara EPZ. CIP Limited is going to set up a bag & luggage manufacturing industry in Mongla EPZ with an investment of US$ 6. 052 billion. com Bangladesh’s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) stock was $16. 91 percent of the micro-economic sector, employs 35. 8583; 90. It is located in the Chittagong District, which is in the southeastern part of the country. This study has explored the contribution of establishing EPZ in Bangladesh and how much Feb 16, 2022 · The journey of EPZ in Bangladesh started in 1983 with the establishment of the first EPZ in Patenga, Chittagong on the basis of a law enacted by the Parliament in 1980. 2906°N 91. Known for its commitment to modern technology and stringent safety standards, the company consistently delivers high-quality services. 53 percent of GDP, one of the lowest of rates in Asia. There are currently eight export processing zones in operation. Duration and rate of tax exemption for Chittagong, Dhaka, Comilla, Adamjee,& Karnaphuli EPZ for the industries set up after January 01, 2012: Duration of Tax Exemption. Maternity Leave Circular (Revised) Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA) Prime Minister's Office. 8583°N 90. It is owned and operated by the Dhaka Mass Transit Company Limited (DMTCL). 1. 06 million, & Mongla EPZ $158. 41 percent of workers, and contributes 48. Osaka, Japan based multinational company in Bangladesh located in Mongla EPZ and manufacturer of Automobile Parts (Car Seat Heater / heating appliance). This means that you cannot have an engine larger than 175cc in your bike. EPZ Provides: Plots/factory buildings in custom bonded area. Bangladesh Driving Distance Calculator to calculate driving distance between cities, towns or villages in Bangladesh and Mileage Calculator, Distance Chart, Distance Map. Inspection Checklist for EPZ Enterprises. Mongla EPZ. Next 01 year (7th year) 25%. Comilla EPZ. Oct 8, 2015 · The government plans to bring all private export processing zones under Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority Submit the proposal alongwith the required documents mentioned in the project proposal format. Thana is a regional police station. Bangladesh currently has two export processing zones in Chittagong, one in Dhaka, Narayanganj, Nilphamari, Comilla, Pabna and Bagerhat, making a total of 8 such zones. Within the extended period around 130 acres more area will be developed for unit investors in the Japanese SEZ. They are : Adamjee EPZ, Chittagong EPZ, Comilla EPZ, Dhaka EPZ, Ishwardi EPZ, Karnaphuli EPZ, Mongla EPZ and Uttara EPZ. In Bangladesh, the maximum engine size for a bike is 175cc. 6, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205 How many EPZ's are now in operation in Bangladesh? (EPZ) MCQ এর আরো 73 টি প্রশ্ন ও উত্তর সহ সকল Jan 1, 2013 · The study focuses on export diversification and the performance of EPZs in Bangladesh. within the zones, although it is similar to factories outside the EPZ. Details: +88 01717525807, +88 053167090 11. Learn about the history, types, number, investment and export of Export Processing Zones (EPZ) in Bangladesh. 3 Employment in EPZ in Bangladesh Figure 03: Employment No. 23% Bangladesh $11173. kot-web. Garment products made in Bangladesh. 66 million, Ishwardi EPZ $209. First 02 years (1st and 2nd year) 100%. Find data from 1989-90 to 2018-19 from Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority (BEPZA). They signed an agreement with Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA) to this effect at BEPZA Complex, Dhaka on 15 November 2023. A part of it is converted into local currency to be spent on procurement of goods and services from the local economy. Famano Textile Mills Ltd. Chattogram Export Processing Zone. 335. , a renowned Chinese company, is going to establish a Lingerie manufacturing industry in Dhaka Export Processing Zone with an investment of US$ 6 million. The oldest existing political party in the country, the party played a large role in achieving Bangladeshi independence Find local businesses, view maps and get driving directions in Google Maps. 22 acres Number of industrial plots: 451 Plot Size: 2000 sqm Avg. 76 million, Cumilla EPZ $814. Sep 5, 2023 · The construction of an export processing zone (EPZ) in Patuakhali will begin soon after all land acquisition costs are cleared within the next one month or so, according to project officials. Tariff for Plot: US $ 2. of Employment Male 166145 36% 0 0% Female 295368 64% Female Male Table 05: Employment in EPZ in Bangladesh YEAR 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 The Bangladesh Awami League ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ আওয়ামী লীগ ), often simply called the Awami League ( IPA: [awɐmilːg]) or AL, [6] [7] is one of the major political parties in Bangladesh. export, investment & employment. Jun 20, 2021 · The company hopes the EPZ will attract foreign direct investment (FDI) worth $1 billion. The actual number of economic zones in Bangladesh is in contention. Savar is mostly famous for the National Martyrs' Memorial, the national monument for Step 2, Follow Provident Funds Act. performance Japan's Sumitomo Corporation, developer of the EZ, and Beza, has set up a company named Bangladesh SEZ Limited. Mongla EPZ, Plot # 31-32, 46-47. 9 billion in 2019, with the United States being the top investing country with $3. 6 and the adult literacy rate is 47. Chittagong Export Processing Zone, also known as Chittagong EPZ, is the first and one of the eight export processing zones in Bangladesh located at South Halishahar in Chittagong. 22 million. Adamjee Export Processing Zone also known as Narayanganj EPZ is a special economic zone for producing export oriented products located in the industrial city of Siddhirganj, Bangladesh. Foreign exchange earned through exports by EPZ enterprises reduces deficits in the country balance of payments. How many festival bonuses for workers in year? -02 Festival Bonuses in a year are mandatory. & Karnaphuli EPZ 2. 15% GDP growth rate in 2019 with approximately 170 million in Square Group launched Senora in 1989, which was the first Sanitary napkin manufactured in Bangladesh. Many of the basic laws of Bangladesh, such as the penal code, civil and criminal procedural codes, contract law, and company law are influenced by English common law. [2] Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority (BEZA) is a centralized economic zones authority which was instituted by the Government of Bangladesh in November 2010 under ‘Bangladesh Economic Zones Act, 2010’. Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA), the leading Investment Promotional Agency of the country, hits all-time high growth in its journey of 40 years. KEPZ Corporation Managing Director Md Shahjahan said, “Once the EPZ is completed, it will generate direct employment opportunities for around 1,00,000 people. 23 million. 6, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205 Bangladesh started manufacturing of motorcycles in 2000's. 052 Billion. 03. 41 percent to Bangladesh’s GDP. Jun 1, 2020 · The research is expected to contribute to the stakeholders of the EPZs in Bangladesh to manage grievances of workers effectively to maintain a harmonious relationship among employers and employees. Lambabil () Lambaghona () 16. Which is today's Upazilas. BEZA has been established with broad objectives to (a) attract FDI and domestic investment, (b) develop and diversify export, (c) promote Dec 11, 2023 · Let's download EPZ Minimum Wage (Proposed) Gazette 2023 in pdf format Recently published, a amendment of Bangladesh labour law 2006. 6084/M9. 24 million. BEPZA Complex, House no- 19/D, Rd No. Walton made the first production of motorcycles in the country. Bangladesh. In a bid to achieve clarity to existing legal provisions and make them suitable for all stakeholders, the Ministry of Labour and Employment (“MOLE”) of the Government of Bangladesh, in the exercise of its powers under the Bangladesh Labour Act, 2006, as amended (“BLA 2006”), has recently amended the Bangladesh Labour Rules, 2015 (“BLR Major General Abul Kalam Mohammad Ziaur Rahman, BSP, ndc, psc has taken over the charge of the Executive Chairman of Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA) on 7th November 2021. 6. / 23. By NirvikBD Desk March 24, 2023. Join the Largest Job Site of Bangladesh. 1933. org 27 | Page 3. Established in 2006, it has 245 acres of land with 229 industrial establishments. In Bangladesh, a provident fund created under Labour Act 2006 is deemed to be a government established for the purposes of the Provident Funds Act, 1925 (Act No. DOI: 10. 2667°E / 23. Bangladesh received $1. At current, there are 8 EPZs in Bangladesh. During 2011 to 2021, the project facilitated more than $3. BSEZ is the first special economic zone developed by a Japanese company in the nation, established jointly in partnership with the government of Bangladesh (Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority: BEZA). 6, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205 Apr 10, 2017 · For the Dhaka EPZ in Bangladesh, Zohir (2001a, 2001b) documents a larger wage gap. 6, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205 Nov 15, 2023 · Bangladeshi company M/s. Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA) Prime Minister's Office. Bangladesh EPZ Labour Act, 2019 (Bangla) view. 14 million in Cumilla EPZ. How many weekly holidays for workers? -01 day 4. Chattogram Export Processing Zone is situated 180 metres south of Chittagong EPZ. 6 billion FDI in 2019. c) Proforma Invoice of Machinery and equipment to be imported. v. The northern areas of Bangladesh are amongst the poorest in the country. 60 Required Documents for Permission to set up industry in EPZs: a) Letter addressed to Executive Chairman. In 1994, Square Toiletries Limited became a private limited company. Jan 8, 2024 · Kotobuki Bangladesh Ltd. Economic miracle of Bangladesh is driven by theeconomic inclusion of women and associated social changes. analyzing the performance of the zones, the study focuses on two indicators of the EPZ. 11. 2. Start Date: Apr 17, 2024 - End Date: Jul 17, 2024. The Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA, estd 15 April 1981) is the agency of the Government of Bangladesh administered under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister's Office manages the various export processing zones in Bangladesh and oversees the Mar 15, 2022 · According to project sources, its cumulative financial progress till January 2022 is 19% and physical progress is 55%. Coordinates: 22. [1] It was established in 1983. 6, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205 Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA) Prime Minister's Office. This paper explores the EPZ history in Bangladesh and its legislative structure for operation. Labor is cheap and available in the labor market. Info Phone 15/d/3 Zigatola Dhaka Dhaka 1209 Fur Scarves Electronics Production Machinery Knitted Shawls Scarves & Shawls Neckwear. 1. Chittagong Export Processing Zone. Oct 3, 2021 · The KEPZ, set up by Youngone in 1999 on the bank of Karnaphuli, hosts the largest (40Mw) rooftop solar project in Bangladesh, to power industrial activities with renewable energy, while over 2. 20 / sqm / year. Thank you. February 7, 2017. Jan 1, 2011 · Abstract. Square Textiles Limited was established in 1997. The cumulative export from EPZs stands at US$ 8. Monthly Wages Structure of the Epz Workers. The Dhaka Metro Rail ( Bengali: ঢাকা মেট্রোরেল, romanized : Ḍhākā mēṭrōrēla ), or simply the Dhaka Metro, is a mass rapid transit system serving Dhaka, the capital and largest city of Bangladesh. Your comments will be received by NBR and evaluated. They are 3. BEPZA set a milestone in women empowerment. Minimum Wage Structure for EPZ Workers. 5 million trees have been planted, covering about 400 species. Activity Date: 2022-10-12. 1 billion, Karnaphuli EPZ $1. The Korean EPZ (KEPZ) Corporation BD Ltd currently houses over 30,000 workers in 43 factories under 15 investor companies. The first one was set up in Chattogram by Bepza In 1983 and the other seven were developed in phases over the last three decades. e. Ito Naoki, the Japanese ambassador to Bangladesh, said this zone will be Jan 21, 2023 · Conclusion. FIGSHARE. An export processing zone (EPZ) is defined as a territorial or economic enclave in which goods may be imported and manufactured and reshipped with a reduction in duties / and/or minimal intervention by custom officials (World Bank 1999). 35. b) Project Proposal for investment in concern EPZ. Also, in case where an employee, due to his physical or mental incapacity is Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA) Prime Minister's Office. Ishwardi EPZ. Available data shows that SMEs constitute 50. Infrastructural facilities. Savar ( Bengali: সাভার) is an upazila of Dhaka District in the division of Dhaka, Bangladesh and is located at a distance of about 24 kilometers (15 mi) to the northwest of Dhaka city. While. It is the 6th-largest especial economic zone . A large number of female workforces are working in EPZs, the percentage of female workers stands around 66%. 016. The Government of Bangladesh established the Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority (BEPZA) to create, develop, operate, manage and control the EPZs in Bangladesh. 2667. No. Mongla-9351, Bagerhat, Khulna. Bangladesh EPZ Labour Act, 2019. 77% Total Export RMG & Knit Export Source: Statistical Pocket Book Bangladesh-2011, Export Diversification and Role of Export Processing Zones 97 Export Performance on Investment EPZ enterprises derives highest dividend in terms of their investment. 64 billion of the country's export receipts in the last fiscal year (FY 202-21), BEPZA statistics show. Khorshid AlamGeneral An EPZ, or Export Processing Zone, is essentially a customs zone where anybody can import various goods free of duty fees, including plants, machinery, and e EPZ is considered one of the success stories in Bangladesh as exports from the export-processing zones accounted for US$6. 6, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205 Tel: +880-2-9540580, Cell: +88 0171 2148758. How many days for maternity leave? - 16 weeks. In 1997, Square Group was awarded the national export trophy for exporting pharmaceuticals from Bangladesh. Women in particular have difficulty finding alternative employment here, as they are isolated from the major industrial Jun 23, 2023 · Currently, there are eight EPZs in Bangladesh. 44% 2005-2006. iosrjournals. pdf @inproceedings{Asaduzzaman2013ExportDA, title={Export Diversification and Role of Export Processing Zones (EPZ) in Bangladesh. Dhaka EPZ. 5 per cent (UNDP, 2008). Prior to that, he served as Sep 2, 2020 · In Bangladesh, the first EPZ was established in Halishahar, Chittagong, at 1983 followed by the second EPZ in Savar, Dhaka at 1993. But from the British period to 1999 Thana was considered as a sub-district or administrative area under a district. 4 billion, Adamjee EPZ $935. Jan 15, 2019 · Bangladesh published official gazette about the EPZ Labour Ordinance for the country's eight Export Processing Zones (EPZs), employing more than half a million workers in factories inside those special industrial parks. It is one of the oldest and largest EPZs in Bangladesh. XIX of 1925) (as per section 17 of the Labour Act 2006). Forever Engineering Ltd. org 26 | Page Impact of EPZ on National Economy of Bangladesh 3. Runner Automobiles was the second company to manufacture motorcycles in Bangladesh which was started in 2012. One of the key objects of BEPZA is to manage various export processing zones or special areas in Bangladesh. There is no specific answer to this question as the cc limit for bikes in Bangladesh may vary depending on the particular Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA) Prime Minister's Office. 6, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205 Net payable VAT on Taka 500- Taka 65. Impact of EPZ on National Economy of Bangladesh DOI: 10. Bangladesh EPZ Labour Act, 2023 (Bangla) #. It is the 6th-largest special economic zone in Dec 21, 2022 · How Many Govt Epz in Bangladesh. During the last fiscal year the export from BEPZA was US$ 1200. [2] Mar 24, 2023 · Which is the Last Epz in Bangladesh? The last EPZ in Bangladesh is the Chittagong Export Processing Zone (CEPZ). The project developed 1,500 acres of land and $407 million worth of last-mile off-site infrastructure and on-site facilities including 26 km of roads, a 14 km embankment, eight bridges, three electric substations, and two water reservoirs. 5. We analyse the cases of South Korea, Bangladesh and India, India being by far the largest of these three economies. #Export_processing_zone in Bangladesh | EPZ in Bangladesh | 8 EPZ in Bangladesh | Total EPZ #EPZChittagong Export Processing Zone Md. Besides this, Bangladesh has a good transport communication includes with sea port. Title. Download Bdjobs. 69% in 1990-91 and 17. 6, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205 Career: Title Start Date End Date Action; 03. Adamjee Export Processing Zone. India's case is unique. Aug 7, 2023 · #epz #BEPZA #BEPA #Bangladesh_epzEpz = Export Processing zone The Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA) (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ রপ্তানী Achievements of EPZ s: Export increases up to 8. 37, dated 10 May, 1983) By an act of Parliament, namely, the Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority Act, 1980 (Act. pdf}, author={Fakir A N M Asaduzzaman and Miah Mohammad Shahin and Hossain Mohammad Shakawat}, year={2013}, url={https://api About EPZ. Do the workers have any right to form association in the EPZ? -Yes. 9790/487X-2009032335 www. XXXVI of 1980), Export Processing Zones shall be established in Bangladesh under the auspices and supervision of the 260. The rate of FDI inflows was only 0. Jul 30, 2017 · Adamjee Export Processing Zone. Ltd. There are a total of 8 government-approved Export Processing Zones (EPZs) in Bangladesh. The CEPZ was established in 1983 and covers an area of about 9 square kilometers. Savar Upazila. Forever Engineering Ltd is a premier construction company in Bangladesh, specializing in piling construction, scaffolding, and building projects. 59 billion was earned by Chattogram EPZ, followed by Dhaka EPZ $2. 20 2. Photo: Roy Upam, CC BY-SA 4. Bangladesh is a common law-based jurisdiction. May 5, 2021 · Results. which are --Adamjee EPZ. com UNDP reports, Bangladesh ranked is 140 and index is 0. EPZ’s under BEPZA has been moving towards to provide women all facilities. List of Police Stations in Bangladesh [1] The total number of Police Stations or Thana is 651 as of 2021. If you do, you will be breaking the law and could be subject to a fine. Nazir Ali () Patabari () 2. Be a member of a family of more than one million job seekers and apply to any of the 3000+ live jobs. 82 million, Uttara EPZ $376. 4128873. Japanese companies in Bangladesh including Dhaka, Chittagong, and more. Website : www. Sep 21, 2022 · Of the total export receipts by the EPZs in FY22, the highest $2. After then many other local companies got engaged in producing of motorcycles. e. The land development and boundary wall building work has been completed by 74% and 18%, respectively. BEPZA oversees the operations of all these eight export processing Dec 18, 2022 · Total 8 EPZ's are in Bangladesh. Here we mentioned a number of 594 thanas as of 2018. The Figure 6 : FDI Inflows (Net) of Non-EPZ area by Components during July-December, 2019 9 Figure 7 : FDI Inflows (Net) of EPZ area by Components during July-December, 2019 9 Figure 8 : FDI Inflows (Net) by major sectors during CY 2019 10 Oct 28, 2019 · October 28, 2019. The enterprises of the Bangladesh EPZ- Authority have exported goods worth of US$ 8052. Bangladesh EPZ Labour Rules, 2022. M/s Kaixi Fashion Bangladesh Co. V1 Corpus ID: 154304786; Export Diversification and Role of Export Processing Zones (EPZ) in Bangladesh. Initially, Beza will hand over 500 acres of land by April 2023 and 120 acres of land by June 2023 to Bangladesh SEZ Limited. 20 /sqm /year. ” Around 95% of the local people are currently employed in the EPZ, he added. BEPZA’s contribution to national export was 2. To attract foreign investment Bangladesh Government has establish the Export Processing Zones (EPZ). 65 m 100% EPZ $3327. Dec 16, 2023 · He also lauded Bangladesh's advancements in the medical sector over the past decade, particularly noting its effective response to Covid-19 and successful vaccination campaigns. Oct 28, 2017 · The objective of BEPZA is to oversee the various export processing zones (EPZ) in Bangladesh. Before joining BEPZA, Major General Zia was General Officer Commanding, 7 Infantry Division & Area Commander, Barishal Area. Establish the franchise of the workers. These are Follows: Export Processing Zone (EPZ) special industrial park developed in response to international market demand for cheaper goods. 3 Employment in EPZ in Bangladesh Figure 03: Employment Table 05: Employment in EPZ in Bangladesh YEAR 2008 2014 Source: Website of BEPZA Figure 04: Employment Female Bangladesh $21456 m 100% EPZ $3697 m 17. Action. Work on the Dhaka EPZ began in 1993 and the Dhaka EPZ expansion project was taken up in 1997 after receiving positive feedback from potential investors. 75 Mongla, Ishwardi & Uttara EPZ 1. Ensure the congenial production climate. Now we have eight (08) EPZ in different part of the country namely Dhaka, Uttara (Nilphamari), Adamjee, Chittagong, Comilla, Ishwardi, Karnaphuli and Mongla. Special Economic Zones (SEZs) play an important role in the quest for economic growth. 0. 50%. As per “the EPZ Workers’ Welfare Association and Industrial Aug 3, 2022 · Bangladesh has a vibrant Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) sector which can be divided into 33 subsectors of products and services. The EPZs are governed by a separate authority, the Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authorit Apr 20, 2022 · The Export Processing Zones Labour Act 2019 is a specialised piece of legislation that governs labour relations and determines the rights of employees in all export processing zones in Bangladesh.
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