Reactive attachment disorder in adoption

Reactive attachment disorder in adoption. Since prenatal experience (e. Apr 15, 2014 · Parents should find a support group when working with Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD). Contact us at the Attachment Healing Center, and ask us about helping your family or your child with Reactive Attachment Disorder. You will need to. The disorder stems from attachment theory (Shi, 2014) and develops from the abuse and neglect by the biological parent (Follan & McNamara, 2014). Secure attachment forms when a child’s physical and emotional needs are consistently met, especially during the first two years of life. g. Oct 18, 2019 · Reactive Attachment Disorder. Reactive Attachment Disorder cannot rub off onto you. 861. Children with RAD are known to engage in self Nov 16, 2018 · It could be an older child; perhaps they have reactive attachment disorder (RAD) or some other challenge that the adopted family is unable to handle. The disorder works to isolate you from these by triangulation. Dec 6, 2017 · Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) is recently new to clinical literature. I have some ideas and some concrete things that may help. He and his wife started their adoption journey in 1993 and have eight children Abstract. Not making eye contact, smiling, or engaging. Treatment focuses on repairing and/or creating emotionally healthy family bonds. Aside from some psychoanalytic foundations, most of what is known about RAD is based off John Bowlby’s attachment theory. Each child’s attachment-related behavioural problems were requested in a follow-up survey 1. Research shows that about 35 to 40 percent of maltreated foster care children develop symptoms of RAD. We are going through counseling and all that. As the parent of a child with attachment issues or Reactive Attachment Disorder, you are often in the position of having to explain this “invisible” disability and damage to others. Affected children have difficulty forming emotional attachments to others, show a decreased ability to experience positive emotion, cannot seek or accept physical or emotional closeness, and Nov 12, 2022 · Attachment Theory and Adoption. It was our daily work. His unwed mother become pregnant with him, and to avoid the scandal it would have been in that day, Ted was told that she was his sister and that his grandparents were his parents. We didn’t know that reactive attachment disorder would completely alter our hopes, dreams, relationships, faith, and family. Jun 7, 2022 · Reactive attachment disorder is caused by abuse or neglect of an infant's needs for: Emotional bonds with a primary or secondary caretaker. Specific attachment relationships (7 to 30 months). Names have been changed to protect identities. We have fought hard and gotten him. an apparent lack of emotions and emotional attachments. Children with RAD have considerable difficulty forming meaningful, affectionate relationships. First, studies of children who were adopted after experiencing severe adversity offer May 1, 2014 · Traster de­scribes how uncertainty turned to despair as she blamed herself and her mothering skills for her daughter’s troublesome behavioral is­sues, until she came to understand that Julia suffered from reactive attachment disorder, a serious condition associated with infants and young children who have been neglect­ed, abused, or Gregory C. , 2017), and clinical mental health Aug 5, 2021 · Even though RAD has become the common description of the multiple behaviors damaged children have, a better way to describe it as Developmental Trauma Disorder (DTD). Sorry. Apr 10, 2014 · So I started thinking, hmmm, RAD (Reactive Attachment Disorder)…. A child with reactive attachment Aug 9, 2012 · A disruption in the initial attachment formed between an infant and a primary caregiver often leads to some type of disordered or disorganized attachment. However Sep 1, 2016 · the child’s history is known, adoption workers and mental health professionals may have difficulty identifying potential problems related to attachment and future Dec 18, 2020 · Children with Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) have special educational needs that are challenging for teachers in early education. To read from the beginning, start with part I and part II. This way you can hold the same line and help each other maintain the boundaries. Touching. Reactive Attachment Disorder Description . Feb 14, 2011 · Sharedthejourney. Impulsive. ] A: Not all students who are adopted have attachment issues or RAD. 1007/s10802-012-9705-9 5. Such basic needs include consistent feedings, changings, or displays of affection from their caregiver. Get on the same page as the other parent. At best, you could say that a parent with BPD could continue the cycle of abuse and neglect and the child could end up with it as a result. Feb 7, 2018 · No one’s fault, just very little opportunity. Puts a great deal of my struggles into perspective. He was removed from his mothers home, not ours. Aug 1, 2022 · Reactive attachment disorder following early maltreatment: Systematic evidence beyond the institution Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 41 ( 4 ) ( 2013 ) , pp. During this phase, babies begin to show a preference for familiar faces. Use Additional. A child with RAD, which is diagnosed from 9 months to 5 years of age, rarely seeks or responds to Reactive attachment disorder. Aug 25, 2004 · My step son, who is 4 and whom we just gained full custody of was in foster care for two years. RAD usually presents by age 5, but a parent, caregiver, or physician may notice that a child has problems with emotional attachment by their first birthday. Jul 27, 2011 · RAD is the direct result of severe abuse and/or neglect. It is often seen in children who are in foster care and are part of foster adoption. F94. He has been diagnosed with reactive attachment disorder while in foster care. Jul 1, 2014 · Explaining Attachment Issues to our Family, Friends, and Teachers. 3. Regardless, the signs and symptoms of RAD may include: Failure to smile; A sad and listless appearance; Mar 28, 2022 · I now know this—reactive attachment disorder is a serious disorder that requires specific treatment. Disorder is a way of saying your child’s behavior is significantly what is not normal or healthy. Nov 10, 2022 · Abstract. Although common in children living in the foster care system and in orphanages internationally, the disorder can impact any child and family. Join our community of support for RAD parents. Children at any stage can benefit from treatment and therapeutic parenting, and should receive both to help them become Feb 11, 2018 · For more information on Reactive Attachment Disorder or adoption, go to Adoption. Indiscriminately affectionate. Research with adoptive families offers novel insights into longstanding questions about the significance of attachment across the lifespan. For example, the child may fail to seek out caregivers while obviously in pain or upset, and ward off support when offered. Children who are adopted may experience RAD. Reactive attachment disorder and adoption. 5 months to 14 he had been in 4 foster homes, while having a weekly visit for 90 minutes with bio mom. Difficulty managing emotions. Jan 1, 2006 · One of the known risks of adopting a child from an orphanage is Reactive Attachment Disorder. D. As research has developed, RAD has been considered its own diagnosis in the DSM Nov 29, 2023 · If the child does not receive effective treatment, the symptoms of RAD may manifest or continue into adulthood. org adoptive parent to participate in educational training about reactive attachment disorder. It is very similar to PTSD because it is a result of a specific event or series of events. In infants, RAD can manifest as an infant’s May 1, 2023 · The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th Edition (DSM-5) classifies reactive attachment disorder as a trauma- and stressor-related condition of early childhood caused by social neglect or maltreatment. We illustrate this by reviewing adoption research addressing two of attachment theory’s central ideas. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of F94. An infant or child may be neglected when the: Caregiver is intellectually disabled. Emotional detachment. 2) Adoptees that develop reactive attachment disorder need to be treated with empathy despite the symptoms. Children with reactive attachment disorder may be: Superficially charming. BPD is unhealed RAD in an adult as was previously mentioned. 571 - 581 , 10. She loves to work with a team to help individuals succeed and enjoys working with clients and their families for the whole person approach. May 1, 2014 · Julia was the poster child for RAD. 2. Bear with me. Reactive Attachment Disorder? At 505-237-0061. Adopted children are especially prone to develop it. 6276 Fax: 612. Attachment is child to adult, occurring within the first 12-24 months of life. As with all aspects of reactive attachment disorder, it helps if both parents (if there are two) are on the same page. The chaos our son Wesley brought to the home had only escalated. We can help. Education / Training in Adoption: High Nurture / High Structure Parenting; Training in treating children who have been sexually abused at PEI; training with emotionally disturbed pre-school children; completed the Rutgers Adoption Certification Mar 11, 2016 · Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) is a psychological/emotional disorder that occurs when a child is incapable of developing a healthy emotional attachment to his/her primary caregiver and where there is a “consistent pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers…” (DSM 5). Excessive rocking or self-comforting. May 20, 2020 · Reactive attachment disorder can start during a child’s infancy. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition ( DSM-IV ), and the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision ( ICD-10 ), these behaviors occur in consequence At ATTACh, every member of our coalition understands your journey and will be able to help you better serve your patients or children. In this home, she had no threat of love or nurturing. 7115 866. He could also be very high functioning autistic. disruptive emotions, such as irritability, sadness, fear, or anger when engaging with caretakers Apr 30, 2021 · The following is the final part of a true story series. Written by Nancy G. com. There is growing evidence that the baby hears the mother’s voice in utero, knows intimately the rhythms of her body and recognizes her smell and her voice immediately after birth. This usually happens before age 5. Reactive attachment disorder is, by definition, a problem that stems from a troubled history of care and social relationships. Parents are isolated. of reactive attachment disorder (RAD) at the time of adoption, their later learning or language problems using a screening scale, and children’s self-reported school bullying experiences were evaluated. It is characterized by an inhibited and withdrawn social and emotional behavior toward an adult caregiver, typically before the age Sep 13, 2022 · Attachment Issues, RAD (Reactive Attachment Disorder) and Trauma: 7 Things Adoptive Parents Must Know. Our story begins on April 3, 1996, the day we brought our then 4- year- old son home from a Romanian orphanage. It wasn’t body odor, it Feb 6, 2014 · Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) is a condition in which individuals exhibit markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate social relatedness. I’m 16 and I was adopted from foster care when I was 9 (that’s just a little context ig) and I haven’t said anything to my parents but I was looking over my 504 plan for school and in the section where they put disorders I have that make school difficult, I saw “reactive attachment disorder” and I was so confused and honestly not suprised because my “parents” have a history of Reactive Attachment Disorder and FASD - forum. An adoption later in life, especially after an abusive situation, can increase the likelihood of Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) or other difficulties in forming secure attachments. [1] [2] [3] RAD is characterized by markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate ways of relating socially in most contexts. This is probably going to be a long reply. Some experts question whether the extreme behaviors — which can include dangerous aggression toward family members and animals — are the result of the neglect and abuse the child suffered with their biological parents, or whether they are caused by the adoption itself. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition ( DSM-5 ), and the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) is any disruption in attachment resulting in a child's failure to form a SECURE bond/attachment with a parental figure. 4. RAD is a diagnosis where children have difficulty attaching to their primary caregiver. Not being affected when left alone. Jul 7, 2021 · Last updated: 07/07/2021. Jan 2, 2003 · Reactive Attachment Disorder is a diagnosis from the DSM IV, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition. The most securely attached people are confident, high functioning individuals with a strong sense of From the child’s perspective, attachment and trust are inseparable. He has been in the building industry for over 30 years with a background in operations, negotiation, purchasing, and inventory control. We each have additional, extensive training in diagnosing and treating children, youth and adults with Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD); other difficulties on the continuum of bonding and attachment; and issues of trauma, adoption, and complicated grief. Abstract. 1 - other international versions of ICD-10 F94. At this stage, a child will focus with pleasure on any human face. Toggle navigation Login. Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) is any disruption in the attachment process resulting in a child’s failure to form a SECURE bond/attachment with a parental figure (Bowlby, 1988). She became more regulated and, in time, the food restricting subsided. Most commonly, this disorder is found in those who have experienced trauma. 7112 info@fosteradoptmn. Derek Williams is an adoption social worker and has been in the field of child welfare and behavioral health since 2006, where he has assisted families in their adoption journey. They cannot develop the ability to form successful relationships, or accept responsibility for their actions, and lack cause-and-effect thinking Jul 5, 2023 · We didn’t know that an affliction called reactive attachment disorder (RAD), a complex brain disorder that develops from early trauma, was about to enter our home. Sometimes other factors can contribute to Nov 24, 2008 · Margarita and the boy, whom the Mulligans renamed Slater, were eventually diagnosed with reactive attachment disorder, or RAD, a common diagnosis for many children adopted from foreign orphanages Jul 9, 2019 · Reactive attachment disorder is a disorder very common among foster and adopted children. The disruption to attachment that is inherent in adoption makes it a significant risk factor for attachment disorder, even when the baby is adopted at birth. Specialties: International adoption; Attachment-Trauma (aka Reactive Attachment Disorder); PTSD. Apr 1, 2019 · Reactive attachment disorder. 1. His “sister” took him away We are all licensed social workers and trained psychotherapists. Join; Login Sep 29, 2023 · Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) is a condition that develops as a result of inconsistent care, abuse, and/or, neglect during infancy and early childhood. They sometimes assured people that if they adopted newborns or at least children who were young enough (18 months or younger, preferably) or from a "good" orphanage, there would be minimal attachment problems. exposure to substances), birth trauma, inconsistent or inadequate Apr 1, 2014 · Attachment is on a continuum from securely attached to severely unattached. There are many successfully attached adults in the world who were adopted. Years ago, adoption educators warned parents that some adopted children were at risk for attachment disorder. Avoidance of physical touch. Nov 11, 2022 · 2. Comments Family Adoption Stories, Bonding & Attachment. Aug 30, 2011 · Building the Bonds of Attachment: Awakening Love in Deeply Troubled Children by Daniel A. The people who were there, mostly moms but one dad and two couples, were so kind and so Feb 5, 2024 · Symptoms of RAD in children include: Avoidance of comfort when distressed. Ours is not the adoption story people expect or want to hear. If you are What is Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)? Reactive attachment disorder is a condition that develops in children when they are unable to form a healthy emotional attachment with their primary caregivers before the age of 5, according to PsychCentral. ATN recommends that you find an experienced trauma-sensitive, attachment-focused therapist to work with your child and your family. Reactive attachment disorder is a rare but serious condition in which infants and young children don’t establish healthy bonds with parents or caregivers. Although it is often not discussed After adopting a child with reactive attachment disorder along with his wife and RAD Advocates founder Amy VanTine, Mike has a passion for the organization. Your child is at risk for Attachment Issues, Attachment Disorder, or RAD (Reactive Attachment Disorder). Discriminate social responsiveness (2 to 7 months). Possible symptoms of the disorder in adults include: difficulty reading emotions Foster Adopt Minnesota 2446 University Ave W, Suite 140 St. forum_category_648e21742d7c281568a350793270fbe1 Feb 20, 2020 · We eventually found our daughter a home specifically for children with reactive attachment disorder. Reactive attachment disorder in adopted teenagers, which occurs when teens can’t bond with the significant people in their lives, is a rare mental health disorder that can challenge a parent’s resolve. Feb 21, 2006 · Hello Everyone, we have an 18 month old little boy, he came to us at 14 months, from age 4. First, I think you need to read"The Explosive Child" by Ross Greene. Therefore, the relationships adopted children experience with their initial, early caregivers could likely influence their ability to relate to their new Mar 30, 2017 · A Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) diagnosis often times can give children in foster care a scary and misunderstood label. AND… feels a lot like too little too late. There’s little research available on the symptoms of RAD beyond early childhood, and many professionals remain uncertain about whether it exists in children over five years old. The most important thing you can do to help your child heal is arm yourself with tools and training, and seek to understand the causes behind your child’s behaviors. Whether your child with Reactive Attachment Disorder is physically, emotionally, and/or verbally abusive to themselves or others, it is important to report it, document it, and ask for help each and every time. Reactive attachment disorder (RAD), classified under Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders in the DSM-5 manual, is a childhood psychiatric illness due to familial or social neglect or due to maltreatment. According to Bowlby’s attachment theory, our early attachment bonds influence how we view close relationships in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. 1 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. It is characterized by an inhibited and withdrawn social and emotional behavior toward an adult caregiver, typically before the age Mar 7, 2014 · Antisocial behaviors and attitudes like these can lead to a diagnosis of Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD). On rare occasions, maltreated children can display behaviors severe enough to fit the criteria of reactive attachment disorder (RAD). Mar 28, 2023 · Indiscriminate social responsiveness (0 to 2 months). This is usually due to past trauma such as abuse, neglect, or abandonment. Oftentimes this is hard because the primary caregiver bears the brunt of the behavior – a RAD Jan 1, 2021 · Children with reactive attachment disorder (RAD) or disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED) exhibit abnormal social and attachment-related behaviors before the age of 5 years. Services that may be beneficial for a child with RAD include: Individual counseling. Parenting the Difficult Child: A Biblical Perspective on Reactive Attachment Disorder applies a biblical lens to a child exhibiting defiant and aggressive behaviors and RAD Aug 9, 2012 · With the increasing use of foster care in America and the frequency of adoption, it is becoming obvious that more attention is needed in the area of how to best appropriately approach a diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder. We made a dogged effort and a conscious commitment to help our daughter and make ourselves into a family. Hughes. Adopted children with special needs can experience a multitude of developmental, emotional, and behavioral issues as a result of pre-adoption maltreatment. Reactive Attachment Disorder - General Adoption Issues. If you decide to take this on, you must strengthen your ties to family, community, school, church and belief system. He is an internationally known psychologist and trainer who addresses the issues of trauma, adoption, and post-adoption challenges. Reactive attachment disorder is the inability of children to form secure and loving attachments with their caregivers. We learned that raising a child Jan 1, 2006 · Reactive Attachment Disorder: A Journey of Hope. Some of the trauma occurs before birth, such as birthmothers use of alcohol or drugs while pregnant. July 14, 2011. Exploration of adoption from parents' perspectives is not well documented, and no previous work has been undertaken to understand the challenges of caring for children with a diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder. While research has been conducted on the etiology, symptoms, and effective forms of therapy regarding this disorder, much definitive information remains unknown or unclear. Inability to show guilt, remorse, or regret. A child with reactive attachment disorder (RAD) typically shows a persistent lack of care-seeking behaviour towards any caregivers, even when alarmed, sick or in distress. Don't tolerate abuse of any kind. Abuse does not just effect the abuser and/or the victim. There are many good books and therapists to address adoption, attachment and trauma struggles. Proudly serving Bernalillo County, Sandoval County, Valencia County, and the East Mountains. Ted Bundy does have some classic early attachment disruptions. As time went on, support has increased significantly for foster/adopt parents struggling with kids with attachment disorders. There is no cure for the disorder (Moran et al. Secure Attachment and Reactive Attachment Disorder are best understood as a continuum. Caregiver lacks parenting skills. Reactive attachment disorder ( RAD) is described in clinical literature as a severe disorder that can affect children, although these issues do occasionally persist into adulthood. From the moment he came home, he was a whirlwind of hyperactivity - touching everything, defiant Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is a complex psychiatric illness that can affect young children. Mike has four children and lives with his wife in Jun 14, 2019 · Reactive attachment disorder is often found in children who have been abused or neglected before the age of 5. It can be found in biological kids who have experienced trauma in their early developmental years as well. About a little girl who came into FC at age 5, and chews thru 3 homes before finding a therapeutic mom and therapist team who help her do the hard work to heal. . Yet, they do not directly address the issues parents of children with reactive attachment disorder face. It is characterized by serious problems in emotional attachments to others. A genetic factor may be a contributing factor for this disorder since it is often found in cases where the child had abusive parents or parents having a hostile relationship with each other. Some children may suffer from attachment issues, some from mild attachment disorder and some from severe attachment disorder as in my son’s case. 1) Get Support! “Well now, that’s a weird smell,” I thought. It’s rare, occurring in only 10 percent of cases involving severely neglected children. 01 Jan 2006. Hyperactive. iv Children with reactive attachment disorder (RAD) exhibit inappropriate social and attachment-related behaviors before the age of 5 years. Behavior This site is to help parents and professionals help challenging children, especially those who have experienced trauma or been diagnosed with Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD), ADHD, PTSD, ODD etc. Crystal Perkins April 15, 2014. Food. Here are a few helpful hints you should do when you’re at your wit’s end. He is behaving in a “dis-ordered” way. ” (Reactive attachment disorder is a It is more likely to be observed in children being cared for by foster carers, kinship carers or adoptive parents. Jul 10, 2013 · I am adoptee , twinless twin. 1 became effective on October 1, 2023. It is used by all mental health professionals for diagnosis and by insurance companies. The folks over at Attachment & Trauma Network have created resources to help you. 1 may differ. 9 and 3. May 23, 2021 · I think that Reactive Attachment Disorder (Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)) is highly likely. Physical safety. , long-term foster child; was diagnosed with Adult Reactive Attachment Disorder at the age of 64 or so. 303. A rare condition that can be part of a child’s adoption trauma, reactive attachment disorder occurs when infants and young children who are subject to extreme neglect or abuse fail to establish an expected bond. Individuals with the most serious level of this personality disorder are unable to give and receive love. Keck, Ph. Developmental trauma, commonly diagnosed as reactive attachment disorder (RAD) develops when a child’s brain is impacted by trauma during the first few years of life. RAD is a “Stress and Trauma-Related Disorder” that stems from an inability for a child to attach to a caregiver. However, the risk of the disorder is higher in children who have been in foster care. Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is a rare condition of emotional dysfunction in which a baby or child has difficulty forming a bond with parents or caregivers due to Oct 11, 2023 · Reactive attachment disorder affects 1 to 2 percent of children. Children whose basic needs were not met during infancy are more likely to develop RAD. Nov 17, 2022 · The diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder is controversial. Paul, Minnesota 55114 Phone: 612. Adoption won't fix it and love is not enough. He and his staff provide attachment therapy for adoptive families whose children have experienced serious early Nov 5, 2021 · [Reactive attachment disorder (RAD), is a condition in which an infant or child fails to establish healthy attachments with their parents or caregivers during the early stages of development. Feb 22, 2022 · Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is a rare condition where children don’t form an emotional bond with their caretakers. After dozens of unhelpful psychological evaluations and clinical interventions to help Wesley, we continued to spin in circles. 3) The adoptive parents need to take responsibility for getting the adoptee the mental health care that is appropriate. The 2024 edition of ICD-10-CM F94. 8 years after adoption and compared with a Jul 6, 2022 · In my opinion, we need correct diagnoses and treatment of children in foster care, full disclosures to adoptive parents, a better understanding of attachment and reactive attachment disorder among all parties, and better post-adoption support for the entire family, including effective treatment options that are fully covered by the child’s Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is a new diagnosis to the field of mental health (Mikic & Terradas, 2018). Aug 9, 2012 · With the increasing use of foster care in America and the frequency of adoption, it is becoming obvious that more attention is needed in the area of how to best appropriately approach a diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder. Our organization’s mission is to facilitate the healing process for children and teens with trauma and attachment disorders through education, training, and support for caregivers and professionals. Living with reactive attachment disorder Reactive Attachment Disorder treatment can work. Reactive Attachment Disorder is a diagnosis that develops after a child has had sequential and repetitive early childhood trauma the first two to three years of life, and/or pervasive neglect, or long term institutional care that we see coming out of other countries in children that are being adopted here. Your child has a history and a family that don't include you. Often, adoptive parents aren't particularly sure what RAD is or exactly what it looks like. This is where parenting is elevated with powerful, research-backed tools that WORK! Aug 28, 2020 · Reactive Detachment Disorder. In the current contribution, we will discuss a large body of research suggesting that stimulating these children’s attachment development is feasible for teachers and potentially a successful strategy to ensure Jul 29, 2021 · a refusal to seek comfort from caregivers. My husband and I went to our first support group for parents of RAD kids, and it was encouraging and discouraging all at the same time. But, therapy is only part of the answer. Linda has experience in treating Reactive Attachment Disorder, trauma, anxiety disorders, ADHD, mood disorders, grief and loss, and issues with interpersonal functioning and communication. Nov 7, 2013 · What is Reactive Attachment Disorder and its causes? Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) is usually the result of a disruption of or trauma to the attachment process such as a history of physical or sexual abuse, neglect and/or frequent change in caregivers within the first three years of a child's life. , is the founder and director of the Attachment & Bonding Center of Ohio. To her, that felt safe. It can cause lifelong issues for the child. fr zi jz gt is hx fe kd nm lc