Concrete rebar spacing for garage slab

Concrete rebar spacing for garage slab. Generally, rebar spacing in slab footings ranges from 12 to 24 inches, both for horizontal and vertical bars. Rebar in patios, basement floors, footings and driveways may vary from size 3 to 6. Concrete is very strong under compressive stress and shear stress, but it performs poorly under tensile strength. 2 Plain and Reinforced Concrete. ACI 332 states that, “For all wall heights, a minimum of one horizontal bar shall be located within the top 24 inches and a minimum of one in the bottom 24 inches. Also consider thickening the edges of the driveway by 1 or 2 inches to May 23, 2006 · Rebar counteract this force. 4. , or 4 in. rebar instead of 1/2-in. ) by the depth (. It serves as a stable and level surface for pouring the concrete onto. Most of the concrete slabs we pour are 6" thick. Slabs for septic tanks may require the use Generally, for a standard residential foundation, the minimum spacing between rebar should be at least 4 inches. the calculator will give you the default spacing values (for rebar – rebar it’s 40cm, and for edge – grid it’s 8cm). 59 per square foot. Use your floater to smooth the surface you just broomed and try again later. Sep 22, 2016 · 4" concrete slab - I called out for #4 bar at 12" oc for the house and garage. In order to calculate this, you need to input the length and width of your slab. ** Larger 4’ x 4’ base pads (available from Mohawk) required for floors with a thickness range less than 6”, but greater or equal to Slabs on grade are generally reinforced for serviceability reasons and sometimes for structural reasons. psi mix 5 in. org. on center as well as fiber mesh in the concrete. However, a 6” – 8” thick concrete slab, reinforced with steel rebars, will ensure higher strength & durability. Concrete grade of 32mpa (4640psi; I simply multiply by 145 for my conversions) and assuming rebar grade of 60ksi, you can check with an 8" thick slab. May 14, 2022 · If you chose to put rebar in a four inch garage slab, your rebar should be spaced at least four inches and up to twelve inches apart. 5 inches up to 12 inches. Except for the provisions of Sections 1904 and 1907, the design and construction of slabs on grade shall not be governed by this chapter unless they The maximum weight of fly ash, other pozzolans, silica fume, slag or blended cements that is included in concrete mixtures for garage floor slabs and for exterior porches, carport slabs and steps that will be exposed to deicing chemicals shall not exceed the percentages of the total weight of cementitious materials specified in Section 19. 125" clear between bars. If clusters of concrete build up on your broom, it means you need to wait for the concrete to harden a bit more. 3701. Make these holes 12 inches on center horizontally or vertically, depending upon the predominant orientation of the joint. He’s also adding #3 rebar 18-in. So if you have, say a 3/4" max. It’s time to pour the concrete with the forms and rebar in place. Regular inspections are essential for ensuring the longevity of a floating garage slab. in the third day where the car lift will be located. American Concrete Institute 38800 Country Club Drive Farmington Hills, MI 48331 Phone: +1. , whereas placing the same bars incorrectly at 5-in. Aug 29, 2019 · Calculate the volume you need in cubic yards. ( para español, HAGA CLIC AQUÍ) . The primary serviceability concern for slabs on grade is controlling the size and spacing of cracks. Thick slabs Thick slabs are concrete slabs with an overall thickness of 4-6" or greater and can be either grade level (slab on grade) or below grade (i. Rebar spacing calculator is perfect to indicate how much Rebar Aug 21, 2023 · As I recall, the modulus of elasticity of fiberglass rebar is much lower than steel rebar. Minimum concrete cover for reinforcement (per ACI 318): Cast against earth Exposed to weather Not exposed to weather Contraction joints – are intended to create weak-ened planes in the concrete and regulate the loca-tion where cracks, resulting from dimensional changes, will occur. The installation of the rebar is critical for the success of the overall project. Feb 10, 2024 · 4. The string will act as a guide to keep the form boards straight. #3 rebar is ⅜” in diameter, #4 is ½” in diameter, and so on. This can increase the likelihood of cracks, breakages, or even collapse in extreme cases. Rebar is actually inexpensive. spacing provides a steel area of 0. Every concrete slab should have a minimum As per the present market rates, the average cost of concrete for a 400-square foot slab, the typical size for a two-car garage, ranges between $583 and $637 or between $1. www. With 3-inch screws, attach the two-by-fours to the stakes: A 12-foot two-by-four on each short side. Cracks result when the tensile stress from drying exceeds the tensile strength of the concrete. For garage floor slabs where a steel trowel finish is used, the total air content required by ACI 318 is permitted to be reduced to not less than 3 percent, provided the minimum specified compressive strength of the concrete is increased to 4,000 psi. A 4" slab should have joints 8-12 feet apart. Fiber and welded wire are only used for shrinks cracks, non structure cracks, cosmetic cracks. Inspect drilled holes to ensure it is free of debris. You can’t just excavate an area and pour the concrete directly on loose dirt. Using the provided formulas, one can easily determine the total length of rebar needed and the number of rebars required for the slab’s construction. (Kapilesh Bhargava, June 2006) How Do I Calculate How Much Rebar I Need? : Rebar grid dimensions are given below: Grid Length = Slab Length - (2 * Edge Rebar Spacing) The rebar pieces formula. 3500 for a regular garage at 6" should be fine. Driveways: 6 x 6 – W8 x W8 wire mesh is recommended for driveways, which are subject to heavier loads. Jul 8, 2017 · Also, the vertical rebar should bend into the center of the garage slab. Making sure to keep the rebar as level as possible, you should place each piece one foot apart. Feb 13, 2013 · Place concrete within 90 minutes after it leaves the ready-mix plant. However, if the concrete slab is meant to be the footing of a small structure, #4 rebar with a diameter of 1/2-inch should be used. 5 meters along both its length and width, and a development length of 1 meter. Therefore, #2 rebar is ⅛” + ⅛” = ¼” in diameter. The introduction of rebar into the concrete ensures the durability and stability of the mono slab, enabling it to withstand the weight imposed by a house or any additional loads. One of the most common reasons a DIY concrete slab fails is improper subgrade preparation. Italics are used for text within Sections 1903 through 1905 of this code to indicate provisions that differ from ACI 318. * The floor must be properly aged to American Concrete Institute specifications. Nov 1, 1999 · For corrosion protection, however, most specifications require a minimum depth of concrete cover that usually ranges from 1 inch to 2 inches. spacing will reduce the steel area provided to only 0. Maximum aggregate size 3/4 inch and larger. round 6. 4 The construction documents for structural concrete construction shall include: 1. Nov 25, 2008 · When a concrete slab is stressed by the post-tensioning method, it means the steel is being tensioned and the concrete is being compressed. Structural concrete shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of this chapter and ACI 318 as amended in Section 1905 of this code. Common Rebar Sizes. The specified compressive strength of concrete at the stated ages or stages of construction for which each concrete element is designed. 9′ 6″ = 114″. to 7 in. For slabs that will be subjected to heavy loads: #4 or #5 rebar spaced at 12 inches on center. User note: Code change proposals to this chapter will be considered by the IBC — Structural Code Development Committee during the 2016 ( Group B) Code Development Cycle. Of course the contractor says that's "overkill" and he recommended #3 bar @ 24" oc. This assumes that the concrete will contain aggregate that is no more than three-fourths of these distances; otherwise the aggregate size or bar Sep 16, 2022 · Commonly called “rebar,” these 1/2-inch-diameter steel rods are embedded in the center of the slab to create a grid that extends lengthwise and crosswise to help the concrete better resist pulling and bending forces. The base fill dirt is a critical component of a monolithic slab foundation. It will bow to tension, which will be evident with unavoidable cracks that will require frequent repairs. Table 1. 4 A monolithic concrete slab, also known as a mono slab, comprises a horizontal layer of concrete. Our next step was more shovel work as we needed to dig a four inch deep trench around the entire inside of the frame. Concrete Mix Strength, measured in psi, is the maximum compressive strength a concrete mix will achieve after full curing (28 days). Jan 5, 2006 · 3) If your rebar is somehow perfectly placed in the center of the slab (unlikely) and your large aggregate is the typical 3/4" or 7/8", then think about the top 1-1/2" of concrete right over the rebar after you finish it. A residential post-tensioned concrete slab will typically be 8 inches thick and use 3000 psi concrete. Tensile stress is a force exerted on an object that lengthens or stretches that object. Placing rebar too close to the edge of concrete can weaken the structural strength of the material. How far apart must rebars normally be spaced? There should be a clear distance at least equal to the bar diameter between parallel bars but never less than one inch. #4 rebar in PRE-EXISTING Minimum Floor Requirements. Next Level Concrete uses at least 32 MPA high quality air entrained concrete and pours to a garage pad minimum thickness of 4. If the floor is designed as a reinforced-concrete slab requiring rebar in the tension zone, the designer should specify the correct rebar position. I agree with dik - I don't think fiberglass rebar does much for a slab on grade. com. Tying rebar at joints and positioning it in the middle of the slab is essential for proper Jun 1, 1975 · By Concrete Construction Staff. Nov 10, 2023 · When considering garage slab details, the best specification is a 6” thick slab with steel rebar reinforcement. Raise the form sides 1/2-inch to create a slab that is a full 4 inches thick. "Deign of Slabs-on-ground" ASCC Position The formulas for the Rebar grid dimension and also for the are given below: Grid length = Slab-length – (2 * edge-Rebar-spacing) The total length needed for Rebar is measured vertically and horizontally. Concrete Mix Design. Chapter 19 Concrete. Alternative to Welded wire Mesh. This makes for a uniform slab placement and setting the forms is much easier. Generally, for residential foundations, the rebar should be spaced at a maximum of 16 inches apart for floors and walls, and 12 inches apart for roofs. basement foundations). Repeat this process until you’ve laid all the necessary rebar. A granular material, such as crushed stone or gravel, is recommended for the base fill dirt. A pumping unit was used to fill the form with concrete. The design should ensure that the rebar is effectively integrated into the concrete to form a robust, monolithic structure. You get 1. Fiber reinforcement is used among many things to minimize plastic cracking and does add resilience to the mix. 46 and $1. All thick slabs can be categorized into: Reinforced slabs – where welded wire mesh or rebar is used to reinforce the slab. 3. Rebar is about 15x stronger than concrete in compression, and way more than that in tension. When arranging joints, skilled contractors will often use them to create an attractive diamond pattern. Nov 4, 2023 · 3. ) and divide it by 27 (the number of cubic feet in a cubic yard). Lack of subgrade preparation. May 21, 2020 · "Specification for Tolerances for Concrete Construction and Materials" ACI 302. The base fill dirt should be compacted to ensure the foundation does not settle or shift over time. For others like me, who are 'metrically impaired' carbon steel modulus is 200 GPa. Isolation or expansion joints – separate or isolate slabs from other parts of the structure, such as walls, footings, or columns; and driveways and patios from sidewalks Jan 15, 2024 · Nearly all concrete slabs have cracks, but rebar cushions the concrete fabric against tension, resulting in fewer cracks. Minimum number of reinforcing bars required The sill plate is 2-inch (51 mm) or 3-inch (76 mm) nominal thickness. 2. Larger slabs over 728 square feet that we construct around Edmonton require stronger construction than Tendon (cable) tails after tensioning. Rebar is a tension device that is widely used to add needed tensile strength to concrete. Family Handyman. The garage is being built over a sand base, he says in this post to the Fine Homebuilding construction Oct 31, 2012 · Yes, concrete’s structural integrity can be compromised just that easily! Placing #5 rebar correctly at 4-in. There are 27 cubic feet in a cubic yard of concrete, so divide the total cubic feet by 27 to get the amount in cubic yards. Courtesy: Quora. 3. It further states that for any area of the country where earthquakes are likely, “Two #4 horizontal bars shall be located in Rule of thumb is to have the minimum clear spacing between bars be 1. The floor does not require reinforcement, but a minimum of wire mesh is recommended. Concrete with rebar maintains its original level throughout its existence, aided by reinforcement rods underneath. 0:00 Intro0:03 Backfill0:58 Putting water line in conduit3:07 Vapor barrier5:59 Mixing concrete8:55 Pour We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. A 4” thick concrete slab has enough strength to support a standard garage. For example, if the width is 9′ 6″ and the spacing is 18″, the number of columns would be 8. The specs on the Owens-Corning pink bar - 46. 35 ft. 5x the maximum aggregate size. c. If the joint is taller than wide, place the holes vertically. I agree with someone else who mentions if you are really going to put in a lift, you may want either a thicker slab, a stronger psi or both. concrete is good in compression but not tension. This is the selection of the specific concrete mixture to . He also installs the rebar more than halfway down from the top of the slab and that the rebar is drilled as deep You should start by placing your rebar a foot away from the sides of the space. This spacing recommendation depends on factors such Jul 28, 2016 · Rebar grid for concrete Slab Foundation. Nov 13, 2012 · The steel is there to hold any cracks together. 30 GPa. 1901. When you swing on a rope swing and jump into a swimming hole, you exert tensile stress on the rope. Screed immediately after spreading and consolidating concrete. DO NOT install any BendPak lift on expansion seams or on cracked or defective concrete. Compact or roll the gravel in 12" lifts to prevent the slab from sinking. Verify hole sizes are appropriate. yds. See explanation on page iv. Rebar spacing in a slab footer will depend on the size of the slab, the load it will support, and local codes. Rebar will hold a force in tension. Its strength is enhanced through the incorporation of steel bars or rebar. Anchors are embedded into concrete a minimum of 7 inches (178 mm). This is essential to know how much Rebar for the concrete slab is required. 88 GPa to 60. Concrete Mix Strength. 93 sq in. Drag a straight 2×4 (screed board) across the top of the concrete forms to level and begin to finish the concrete surface. The foundation wall consists of 2 foot high by 8 inch wide wall around the perimeter of the garage and 14 inch high by 8 inch frost wall under the garage door. Make multiple passes if needed to create a flat, evenly filled area. (3 mm) wide, is common for unsealed joints. 5 mm) to 1/8 in. The formulas calculate materials needed for rectangular, circular and irregular shaped slabs. Rebar should be placed evenly throughout the project. 33 ft). Jun 27, 2019 · Pour and Level the Concrete. Having more bar would only increase the strength of the slab, as long as To calculate your concrete needs multiply the length by the width of your shed, then multiply by the thickness; remembering to change inches to feet (4” ÷ 12” = 0. 4 Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP). 3 up to 7 to get complete coverage. Use a laser level to get the final dirt grade flat. The soil may not drain well, and it can be difficult to compact to the proper grade. For example, a slab that is 6 inches thick might have rebar marked as size 6 or 3/4-inch. In this article, we looked at why rebar isn’t always necessary, the advantages of using it in concrete flooring, and whether or not your garage floor really needs rebar. How to install rebar in slab footings: To install rebar in slab footings, follow these steps: ALL BENDPAK LIFTS MUST BE INSTALLED ON CONCRETE ONLY. Rebar shall be minimum 40 ksi unless noted otherwise. 74 sq in. The maximum anchor nominal diameter is 5/8 inch (16 mm). 3 days ago · Rebar grid dimensions (length & width). Jun 23, 2021 · In this video I show from start to finish how to prep , form and pour a 6" thick concrete slab thats reinforced with 1/2" rebar. Anchors are located a minimum of 13/4 inches (45 mm) from the edge of the concrete parallel to the length of the track. Concrete shall be 6% (+/- 1%) air-entrained for garage slabs and for all locations footings, walls or flatwork where exposed to weather. May 3, 2024 · Sweep across the surface of your slab with a push broom to create a texture with traction. For foundations that are taller than 8 feet and slabs thicker than 8 inches, the minimum spacing should range from 7. Contractors sometimes use the “1/8 Rule,” meaning the size of the rebar is 1/8 the thickness of the slab. Calculate optimal rebar spacing and weight for concrete slabs. It should extend a minimum of 36" into the slab and have a minimum of 16" hook, (curved preferred) and thicken the garage slab to 8" thick where it laps the main garage slab(see below. Nov 23, 2021 · Rebar is crucial for reinforcing concrete slabs and preventing cracks. The size and number of reinforcing bars must be chosen to (1) provide an area of reinforcement equal to or greater than the amount that is required, and (2) satisfy the minimum and maximum spacing requirements in ACI 318-14, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary. Nov 10, 2023 · Ensuring good drainages around the garage with a floating slab will help reduce the damage due to water infiltration into concrete. avalonstructural. For a patio you can use a grid spacing of 24 inches. Let the Concrete Cure. The next stage in the process is the concrete mix design. Place concrete at a minimum thickness of 4 inches. Chapter 19 relies primarily on the reference to American Concrete Institute (ACI) 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. Once in position, you can ensure the rebar is firmly in place by hitting it into the concrete with a mallet. The specified strength or grade of reinforcement. If the concrete slab in question is meant to be the footing of a house, then #5 rebar with a Jun 17, 2023 · How to lay rebar grid in concrete monolithic slab footer foundation. Mar 29, 2023 · With this calculator, you’re trying to calculate the dimensions of your rebar grid (length and width). For driveways with 6” or thicker concrete slab please use rebars instead of wire mesh. Step 13. For 6-inch slabs: #4 or #5 rebar spaced at 12 to 18 inches on center. The size and location of structural elements, reinforcement and anchors. aggregate, you'd need 1. 248. Nov 10, 2023 · The following are some general guidelines for rebar spacing in concrete slabs: For 4-inch slabs: #3 or #4 rebar spaced at 12 to 18 inches on center. Pour the new concrete as per specfication. For a 400 square foot slab, the man hours required to finish a two-car concrete garage slab is about 13 hours. Then add 10 percent to allow for spillage and slab depth variations to help determine the concrete cost per yard. 5 inches. Question: Determine the concrete, rebar, and forms needed to pour the footings, foundation wall, and interior concrete slab for the residential garage foundation plan shown below. "Guide for Concrete Floor and Slab Construction" ACI 360R-06. 4 Conclusion. This spacing will provide the maximum reinforcement of the concrete so that it can withstand the weight it will bear and prevent cracking throughout the slab. The concept of cover distance for rebar is not limited to concrete structures such as buildings or bridges. That way you can use the forms themselves as a guide for the final base height. This garage build I did a concrete floor mono slab with steel rebar in the slab and peri User notes: About this chapter: Chapter 19 provides minimum accepted practices for the design and construction of buildings and structural components using concrete —both plain and reinforced. thick in two of the bays, and up that to 6 in. 5. Multiply the length (10 ft. The size, spacing, and arrangement of the rebar are critical aspects of this phase. Jun 27, 2023 · Build the Form. Feb 22, 2019 · Stretch a string between two screws installed at the edge of both ends of the form boards. Compression is a force that squeezes or crushes, and tension is a force that pulls something apart. 4 We tie in the rebar (reinforcement bar) at maximum 16 inches apart – usually expressed as 10mm @16 o. Allow all bleedwater to rise to the surface and evaporate; concrete should be hardened enough so that footprints are 1/4 inch When laying rebar in concrete, the spacing between the rods should be determined by the strength of the concrete foundation. As concrete cures it shrinks. ) I'd also install the same reinforcing on the other side of the 8" concrete wall too. Once you input these values, you Jul 28, 2023 · Step 4: Pouring the Concrete. It will be different from the concrete right next to it. The appropriate rebar size depends on the project, with #3 and #4 being common choices. Have a helper add or remove concrete in front of the screed as you pull it. Nov 10, 2023 · Garages: 6 x 6 – W6 x W6 wire mesh is the minimum recommended gauge for garages, which support the weight of vehicles. Drill 5/8-inch diameter holes six inches deep into the old concrete. 1R-04. The maximum weight of fly ash, other pozzolans, silica fume, slag or blended cements that is included in concrete mixtures for garage floor slabs and for exterior porches, carport slabs and steps that will be exposed to deicing chemicals shall not exceed the percentages of the total weight of cementitious materials specified in Section 19. 3 cu. Step 1: Forms and Rebar. Ridges in the surface of the rebar allow the concrete to adhere to it and create one solid structure. The cables are pulled to 33,000 pounds, resulting in 8 inches of elongation in a 100-foot cable. 114″ / 18″ = 6. 3700 Fax: +1. Dec 28, 2012 · Here’s the plan: Use a 4,000-lb. If the joint is wider than it is tall, place the holes horizontally. The rebar structural degradation of concrete structures due to reinforcement corrosion is a major worldwide problem. A 12-foot two-by-four and an 8-foot two-by-four on each long side. The final result will be a beautiful, radiantly heated sunroom. So now everybody in the room repeat after me. ”. Bull-float or darby as soon as possible after screeding and before bleedwater appears. This is usually done using a concrete mixer truck, although, for smaller garages, you might be able to mix and pour the concrete by hand. 848. Feb 23, 2024 · Consider a concrete slab that is 10 meters long and 5 meters wide, with a rebar spacing of 0. They are calculated by subtracting the edge-rebar (grid) spacing from the slab sizes. Regular sealing of the floating garage slab will also reduce the risk of water permeation into concrete. interactive scaled diagrams - Inch. Space joints (in feet) no more than 2-3 times the slab thickness (in inches). Minimum Slab Thickness. concrete. Check for level on all sides. Nov 22, 2018 · On the other hand, larger spacing may reduce material and labor costs, but it also increases the risk of cracking and compromises the overall structural integrity. Contraction joints are normally called transverse joints or longitudinal joints in streets. e. According to rebar spacing guidelines, the ideal spacing for rebar in a 4-inch slab is typically around 18 to 24 inches on center. Then, later, we can remove our concrete forms and connect our next pour (our new apron that’s going all the way across our addition and the existing garage) directly to this new slab as well. Slab thickness (inches) Maximum aggregate size less than 3/4 inch. Video Shortcuts:@0:45 Prep w Jul 1, 2021 · CONTROL JOINT SPACING. For columns and beams, the minimum spacing should be 6 inches. All anchors must be a minimum of 6" away from any Aug 1, 2023 · Garage is 40psf (LL) and as To Madeira (Structural) mentioned, don't ignore ASCE 7-16 4. grid length = slab_length - (2 × edge rebar spacing) Total length of needed rebars. Increasing the thickness from 4 inches to 5 inches will add approximately 20% to your concrete cost, but will also boost your driveway's load-carrying capacity nearly 50% , according to the Tennessee Concrete Association. Thicker rebar is less likely to bend, which makes it more likely to bust apart the slab. Concrete slab garage floors are widely used across the world. Step 1. ) by the width (10 ft. Aug 20, 2021 · Backfilling the plumbing trench and pouring concrete. I am a little leery with #3 bar since it's so thin and the spacing is bigger than I like. For a flat slab, such as a driveway, consider placing the rebar in an 18 inch grid spacing, keeping the edge rebar at the same distance from each side. Tensile stress. Once the concrete has gained strength to 2000 psi, typically within the 3 to 10 The photos below illustrate various stages of the slab on grade installation. 5 feet away when using concrete with ¾-inch maximum size aggregate. As a building material, concrete is very strong in compression but relatively weak in tension. Set the forms at the proper height before bringing in the last lift. Find the number of bars needed for each direction by dividing the width of the grid by the desired spacing. 3,500 psi for structural floor slabs. For example, if slab thickness is 4 inches, the first joint can be 11. To calculate this, we need to know how many vertical and horizontal lines of rebars will be placed. The 7/8″ PEX is not delicate and easily withstands the stress of the heavy hose. Epoxy the rebar into the hole. In that case, a layer of rebar near the bottom or at Aug 1, 2023 · So to make sure that the rebar creates a hinge point rather than busting apart the existing slab, he installs 3/8-in. 10. Sep 18, 2020 · 3. A narrow joint width, generally 1/10 (2. Drill holes from the top or side of the concrete depending on the location of the planned addition. The concrete should be spread evenly within the forms and smoothed out using a screed. For flat slabs, grid spacing of 18 inches for driveways and 24 inches for patios is recommended. For commercial projects, the spacing should be at least 6 inches Dec 13, 2017 · When isolated, the first joint next to the footing can have a spacing up to that given in Table 1. Labor Costs. They cannot hold a load factor. You’ll find that #3, #4, and #5 size rebar is most commonly found in home reno stores and used in footings for homes and other domestic structures. – 20% weaker! It is very possible that this difference in spacing will Jun 5, 2023 · If the slab in question is just for a patio or a similar purpose, #3 rebar with a diameter of 3/8-inch will do just fine. All 3/4 inch diameter anchors must be a minimum of 6 inches away from any expansion seams, control joints or other inconsistencies in the concrete. The Rebar Calculator contains equations and data used in working with reinforcement bars (rebar) in concrete slabs. Joint sealant manufacturers’ recommendations should be followed for the depth and width of joints that are to be sealed. A garage should always be built on a concrete slab that has a minimum thickness of 4”. 4 Mar 15, 2023 · 1. rl qq zo gu zq ls zf fu bq xh